Fact Hub

Cancer can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, viral infections, lifestyle factors such as smoking or poor diet, and other factors.

Symptoms of cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease, but can include fatigue, unexplained weight loss, pain, and changes in skin colour or texture.

Cancer can be diagnosed through imaging tests, such as X-rays and CT scans, or through biopsies, where a small piece of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.

Cancer screenings can help doctors catch certain cancers (breast, cervical and bowel) at an early stage, which means they are more likely to be successfully treated.

Some cancers can be cured with treatment, while others may be managed as a chronic condition.

Treatment options for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to specifically target and attack cancer cells.

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the body’s immune system fight cancer.

Cancer can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by growing into nearby tissues and organs.

Metastasis is the spread of cancer from its original site to other parts of the body.

A tumour is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign tumours are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumours are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body.

Staging in cancer refers to the extent and spread of the disease, which helps determine the best course of treatment.

Survival rates for cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease, as well as other factors such as age and overall health.

Some types of cancer can be prevented through lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption.

The HPV vaccine helps protect against cancers caused by the HPV virus, including cervical cancer. It is given to boys and girls aged 12 and 13 and is available on the NHS up to the age of 25.

Palliative care is a type of care that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for people with serious illnesses, including cancer.

Hospice care is a type of end-of-life care that provides support and comfort for people with advanced or terminal illnesses, including cancer.

You can support a loved one with cancer by offering emotional support, helping with daily tasks, accompanying them to appointments, and educating yourself about their type of cancer and treatment options.

This is where self-advocacy comes in – the ability to communicate your needs. Click to view tips: How to advocate for yourself at a doctor’s appointment